Functional CVIDs phenotype clusters identified by the integration of immune parameters after BNT162b2 boosters.

Introduction: Assessing the response to vaccinations is one of the diagnostic criteria for Common Variable Immune Deficiencies (CVIDs). Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 offered the unique opportunity to analyze the immune response to a novel antigen. We identify four CVIDs phenotype clusters by the integration of immune parameters after BTN162b2 boosters. Methods: We performed a longitudinal study on 47 CVIDs patients who received the 3rd and 4th vaccine dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine measuring the generation of immunological memory. We analyzed specific and neutralizing antibodies, spike-specific memory B cells, and functional T cells. Results: We found that, depending on the readout of vaccine efficacy, the frequency of responders changes. Although 63.8% of the patients have specific antibodies in the serum, only 30% have high-affinity specific memory B cells and generate recall responses. Discussion: Thanks to the integration of our data, we identified four functional groups of CVIDs patients with different B cell phenotypes, T cell functions, and clinical diseases. The presence of antibodies alone is not sufficient to demonstrate the establishment of immune memory and the measurement of the in-vivo response to vaccination distinguishes patients with different immunological defects and clinical diseases.

COVID-19 Severity, Cardiological Outcome, and Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccine on Adult Patients With 22q11.2 DS.

BACKGROUND: The contemporaneous presence of immune defects and heart diseases in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.3DS) might represent risk factors for severe coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: To analyze severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outcome in 22q11.2DS patients and immunogenicity of different doses of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. METHODS: Longitudinal observational study on SARS-CoV-2 outcome in 60 adults with 22q11.2DS (March 2020-June 2022). Anti-Spike, and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody responses, generation of Spike-specific memory B cells (MBCs) and Spike-specific T cells at different time points before and after the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination were evaluated in 16 22q11.2DS patients. RESULTS: We recorded a 95% rate of vaccination, with almost all patients being immunized with the booster dose. Twenty-one patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three patients were infected before vaccine availability, 6 after receiving 2 doses of vaccine, and 12 after one booster dose. The SARS-CoV-2- infection had a mild course, except in one unvaccinated patient with several comorbidities who died from acute respiratory distress syndrome (fatality rate 5%). Infected patients had more frequently moderate/severe intellectual disability, lymphopenia, and lower CD4+ count. Despite major congenital heart diseases, COVID-19 did not impact cardiological conditions. The BNT162b2 vaccine induced S1-immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, low serum S1-IgA, and slightly impaired specific MBCs response. Specific T-cell responses observed were related to lymphocytes and CD4+ T cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: The SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild course in most patients with 22q11.2DS, even in patients with major cardiovascular diseases. Immunization induced Spike-specific IgG responses and generated specific MBCs and memory T cells. The weaker memory responses in patients with lymphopenia suggested the need for additional doses.

Real-life data on monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs in Italian inborn errors of immunity patients during COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus showing a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic to severe COVID-19. A fair number of patients did not respond adequately to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, thus early therapeutic or prophylactic measures were needed to prevent severe or fatal course or COVID-19 and to reduce the burden of hospitalizations. Methods: Longitudinal, multicentric study on patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity immunized with mRNA vaccines treated with monoclonal antibodies and/or antiviral agents at the first infection and at reinfection by SARS-CoV-2. Analyses of efficacy were performed according to the different circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. Results: The analysis of the cohort of 192 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, across 26 months, showed the efficacy of antivirals on the risk of hospitalization, while mabs offered a positive effect on hospitalization, and COVID-19 severity. This protection was consistent across the alpha, delta and early omicron waves, although the emergence of BA.2 reduced the effect of available mabs. Hospitalized patients treated with mabs and antivirals had a lower risk of ICU admission. We reported 16 re-infections with a length of SARS-CoV-2 positivity at second infection shorter among patients treated with mabs. Treatment with antivirals and mabs was safe. Conclusions: The widespread use of specific therapy, vaccination and better access to care might have contributed to mitigate risk of mortality, hospital admission, and severe disease. However, the rapid spread of new viral strains underlines that mabs and antiviral beneficial effects should be re- evaluated over time.

Real-life data on monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs in Italian inborn errors of immunity patients during COVID-19 pandemic

Background Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 virus showing a spectrum of disease ranging from asymptomatic to severe COVID-19. A fair number of patients did not respond adequately to SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, thus early therapeutic or prophylactic measures were needed to prevent severe or fatal course or COVID-19 and to reduce the burden of hospitalizations. Methods Longitudinal, multicentric study on patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity immunized with mRNA vaccines treated with monoclonal antibodies and/or antiviral agents at the first infection and at reinfection by SARS-CoV-2. Analyses of efficacy were performed according to the different circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. Results The analysis of the cohort of 192 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, across 26 months, showed the efficacy of antivirals on the risk of hospitalization, while mabs offered a positive effect on hospitalization, and COVID-19 severity. This protection was consistent across the alpha, delta and early omicron waves, although the emergence of BA.2 reduced the effect of available mabs. Hospitalized patients treated with mabs and antivirals had a lower risk of ICU admission. We reported 16 re-infections with a length of SARS-CoV-2 positivity at second infection shorter among patients treated with mabs. Treatment with antivirals and mabs was safe. Conclusions The widespread use of specific therapy, vaccination and better access to care might have contributed to mitigate risk of mortality, hospital admission, and severe disease. However, the rapid spread of new viral strains underlines that mabs and antiviral beneficial effects should be re- evaluated over time.

Mortality in Severe Antibody Deficiencies Patients during the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Vaccination and Monoclonal Antibodies Efficacy.

Patients with severely impaired antibody responses represent a group at-risk in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic due to the lack of Spike-specific neutralizing antibodies. The main objective of this paper was to assess, by a longitudinal prospective study, COVID-19 infection and mortality rates, and disease severity in the first two years of the pandemic in a cohort of 471 Primary Antibody Defects adult patients. As secondary endpoints, we compared SARS-CoV-2 annual mortality rate to that observed over a 10-year follow-up in the same cohort, and we assessed the impact of interventions done in the second year, vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies administration on the disease outcome. Forty-one and 84 patients were infected during the first and the second year, respectively. Despite a higher infection and reinfection rate, and a higher COVID-19-related mortality rate compared to the Italian population, the pandemic did not modify the annual mortality rate for any cause in our cohort compared to that registered over the last ten years in the same cohort. PADs patients who died from COVID-19 had an underlying end-stage lung disease. We showed a beneficial effect of MoAbs administration on the likelihood of hospitalization and development of severe disease. In conclusion, COVID-19 did not cause excess mortality in Severe Antibody Deficiencies.